The armistice of November 11, 1918 ended the fighting between the Great Powers in the first world war. But for much of Europe and the Middle East, the armistice nor the peace treaties that followed failed to achieve a stable peace. The collapse of the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires left an unstable power vacuum and brought opportunities for political violence. The so-called Big Four victorious powers at the Paris Peace Conference – the Americans, British, French, and Italians – didn’t have the power or political will to impose peace everywhere. The result was a series of bitter regional wars that would plunge millions into ruin, radically reshape the map, and still fire debates today.
